[筆記] 內科學導論:發燒

  • 學期:107-2
  • 課程:內科學導論 Introduction of Internal Medicine
  • 老師:李啟偉 Chi-Wei Lee
  • 主題:發燒 Fever
  • 系所:國立中山大學醫學科技研究所碩士班

20190304 Fever


經驗與看法:
Asymptomatic 沒有症狀的、發燒有助於免疫、感冒、慢性癌症(慢性發燒)、過敏、abscess膿瘍、pus 膿汁(白血球與病原體的屍體)

Case study:登革熱

chillness 畏寒、dysuria 排尿不適、diarrhea 腹瀉、mosquito bites 蚊蟲咬(旅遊史travel history。要注意)、Breathing sound(聽診:確認呼吸道是否異常)、petechiae 出血點(通常發生在下肢)

出血點:按下去不會消失,因微血管破裂
紅疹:按下去會消失,因微血管充血

Leukopenia 白血球減少症:leuko- white blood cell 白血球、-penia poor 缺少

Definition of fever:

A morning oral temperature of > 37.2℃
An afternoon oral temperature of  > 37.7℃

exogenous pyrogens 外原性致發熱原:

  1. Cause includes viral, bacterial and parasitic infections such as the cold, urinary tract infections, meningitis 腦膜炎, malaria 瘧疾 and appendicitis 闌尾炎 among others.
  2. Non-infectious causes include vasculitis 血管炎, deep vein thrombosis 深層靜脈栓塞, side effects of medication and cancer among others.
  3. Tissue destruction, which can occur in hemolysis 溶血, surgery, infarction 梗塞, crush syndrome, rhabdomyolysis 橫紋肌溶解症, cerebral bleeding 腦出血.
  4. Reaction to incompatible blood products. 過敏性發燒

Hyperthermia 過熱 vs Fever 發燒

Hyperthermia 過熱: due to either too much heat production or too slow heat loose
Fever 發燒: set point changes in heat promoting center of hypothalamus,下室丘中的體溫調節中心改變設定點。

Core temperatures such as rectal temperature 肛溫
In healthy adults:
Oral: 37℃
Rectal 肛: oral + 0.3℃ ~0.6℃
Tympanic 耳膜: oral + 0.3℃ ~0.6℃
Axillary 腋下: oral - 0.3℃ ~ 0.6℃ (皮薄、類密閉空間)

Management
  1. Fever is a symptom. 發燒是一種症狀,不是疾病。
  2. Fever is a useful defense mechanism.
  3. 發燒可增強免疫反應,且可抑制某些病原體活性。
  4. NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)or acetaminophen 乙醯胺酚

Fever as a defensive mechanism:
  1. 增加白血球移動力、噬菌力
  2. 降低內毒素 endotoxin 效應
  3. 增強T細胞分裂

Heat promoting center in the hypothalamus 下視丘中的體溫調節系統

Negative feedback 負回饋:高溫降溫,低溫升溫。
降溫(散熱):血管擴張、大量出汗
升溫(發熱):血管收縮、肌肉收縮

Pyrogen 熱原 can increase set point.
畏寒:set point increases,但體溫並沒有特別於低。
解熱藥 antipyretics:set point decreases. 
NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs); analgesic 鎮痛藥+ antipyretics 解熱藥+ anti-inflammation 抗發炎
 acetaminophen 乙醯胺酚
Heat stroke does not change setpoint, so antipyretics can not treat it. 中暑不會改變設定點,因此退熱藥不能治療它。

登革熱 Dengue fever

  • 帶原者 Carry:蚊子 mosquito
  • 宿主:Platelet 血小板,因血小板被破壞,故會有出血點的症狀。
  • Symptom:pain behind the eyes 眼窩痛、sever flu-like illness、muscle and joint pain
  • The four dengue serotypes.
  • 如果想要發展出完美的登革熱疫苗,必須是四價型的 tetravalent,因為不同時間感染不同血清型的登革熱,容易引發出血性登革熱 severe Dengue fever

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