- 學期:107-2
- 課程:內科學導論 Introduction of Internal Medicine
- 老師:李啟偉 Chi-Wei Lee
- 主題:發燒 Fever
- 系所:國立中山大學醫學科技研究所碩士班
20190304 Fever
經驗與看法:
Asymptomatic 沒有症狀的、發燒有助於免疫、感冒、慢性癌症(慢性發燒)、過敏、abscess膿瘍、pus 膿汁(白血球與病原體的屍體)
Case study:登革熱
chillness 畏寒、dysuria 排尿不適、diarrhea 腹瀉、mosquito bites 蚊蟲咬(旅遊史travel history。要注意)、Breathing sound(聽診:確認呼吸道是否異常)、petechiae 出血點(通常發生在下肢)
出血點:按下去不會消失,因微血管破裂
紅疹:按下去會消失,因微血管充血
Leukopenia 白血球減少症:leuko- white blood cell 白血球、-penia poor 缺少
Definition of fever:
A morning oral temperature of > 37.2℃
An afternoon oral temperature of > 37.7℃
exogenous pyrogens 外原性致發熱原:
- Cause includes viral, bacterial and parasitic infections such as the cold, urinary tract infections, meningitis 腦膜炎, malaria 瘧疾 and appendicitis 闌尾炎 among others.
- Non-infectious causes include vasculitis 血管炎, deep vein thrombosis 深層靜脈栓塞, side effects of medication and cancer among others.
- Tissue destruction, which can occur in hemolysis 溶血, surgery, infarction 梗塞, crush syndrome, rhabdomyolysis 橫紋肌溶解症, cerebral bleeding 腦出血.
- Reaction to incompatible blood products. 過敏性發燒
Hyperthermia 過熱 vs Fever 發燒
Hyperthermia 過熱: due to either too much heat production or too slow heat loose
Fever 發燒: set point changes in heat promoting center of hypothalamus,下室丘中的體溫調節中心改變設定點。
Core temperatures such as rectal temperature 肛溫
In healthy adults:
Oral: 37℃
Rectal 肛: oral + 0.3℃ ~0.6℃
Tympanic 耳膜: oral + 0.3℃ ~0.6℃
Axillary 腋下: oral - 0.3℃ ~ 0.6℃ (皮薄、類密閉空間)
Management
- Fever is a symptom. 發燒是一種症狀,不是疾病。
- Fever is a useful defense mechanism.
- 發燒可增強免疫反應,且可抑制某些病原體活性。
- NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)or acetaminophen 乙醯胺酚
Fever as a defensive mechanism:
- 增加白血球移動力、噬菌力
- 降低內毒素 endotoxin 效應
- 增強T細胞分裂
Heat promoting center in the hypothalamus 下視丘中的體溫調節系統
Negative feedback 負回饋:高溫降溫,低溫升溫。
降溫(散熱):血管擴張、大量出汗
升溫(發熱):血管收縮、肌肉收縮
Pyrogen 熱原 can increase set point.
畏寒:set point increases,但體溫並沒有特別於低。
解熱藥 antipyretics:set point decreases.
NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs); analgesic 鎮痛藥+ antipyretics 解熱藥+ anti-inflammation 抗發炎
acetaminophen 乙醯胺酚
Heat stroke does not change setpoint, so antipyretics can not treat it. 中暑不會改變設定點,因此退熱藥不能治療它。
登革熱 Dengue fever
- 帶原者 Carry:蚊子 mosquito
- 宿主:Platelet 血小板,因血小板被破壞,故會有出血點的症狀。
- Symptom:pain behind the eyes 眼窩痛、sever flu-like illness、muscle and joint pain
- The four dengue serotypes.
- 如果想要發展出完美的登革熱疫苗,必須是四價型的 tetravalent,因為不同時間感染不同血清型的登革熱,容易引發出血性登革熱 severe Dengue fever
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